Effects of Historic Livestock Grazing on Vegetation at Chaco Culture National Historic Park, New Mexico
نویسندگان
چکیده
Livestock grazing is the most ubiquitous land use in western North America, yet it rarely has been studied in a controlled manner because of the lack of large areas free of grazing. We compared the ecological effects of three grazing treatments—long-term protection, short-term protection, and currently grazed—at Chaco Culture National Historic Park in northern New Mexico. Chaco has a long history of human habitation and is now one of the largest grazing exclosures in the American West. We studied the effects of livestock grazing on the cover of plants, soil crusts, and plant species richness at six sites with different potential natural vegetation. Species richness was higher under long-term protection than under current grazing at all six sites. Trends in shrub and grass response varied significantly across the six sites. Shrub cover increased with long-term protection at four upland sites, and grass cover increased with protection at four sites. The response of Chaco vegetation to release from grazing varied significantly according to each site’s ecological potential, determined in part by edaphic and topographic characteristics. These nuances in vegetation response represent natural ecological variation and contrast with the notions of widespread shrub “invasion” often inferred in the past. Efectos del Pastoreo Histórico de Ganado sobre la Vegetación en el Parque Histórico Nacional Cultura Chaco, Nuevo México Resumen: El pastoreo de ganado es el uso de suelo más generalizado en Norte América occidental, sin embargo rara vez ha sido estudiado de manera controlada debido a la ausencia de extensas áreas libres de pastoreo. Comparamos los efectos ecológicos de tres tratamientos de pastoreo – protección a largo plazo, protección a corto plazo y pastoreo actual – en el Parque Histórico Nacional Cultura Chaco, en el norte de Nuevo México. Chaco tiene una larga historia de presencia humana y ahora es una de las áreas libres de pastoreo más extensas en el oeste americano. Se estudiaron los efectos del pastoreo de ganado sobre la cobertura de plantas, corteza de suelo y riqueza de especies de plantas en seis sitios con diferente potencial de vegetación natural. La riqueza de especies fue mayor bajo protección a largo plazo que bajo pastoreo actual en los seis sitios. Las tendencias en la respuesta de arbustos y hierbas variaron significativamente en los seis sitios. La cobertura de arbustos incrementó con la protección a largo plazo en cuatro sitios elevados, y la cobertura de pasto incrementó con la protección en cuatro sitios. La respuesta de la vegetación de Chaco a la ausencia de pastoreo varió significativamente conforme al potencial ecológico de cada sitio, determinado en parte por caracteŕısticas edáficas y topográficas. Estos matices en la respuesta de la vegetación representan una variación ecológica natural y contrastan con las nociones de “invasión” generalizada de arbustos, inferida a menudo en el pasado.
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